זהו החלק השני של סיפור המתעד את החוויות והאירועים במהלך מלחמת העולם השנייה (1939-1945), שבו שלושה דודים של האחיות ארלין רובין (לבית אגנאל) ודניס בוקסבאום (לבית אגנאל) היו חיילים בשירות כוחות ההגנה של דרום אפריקה. שלושת הדודים היו האחים אלק היימן אגנאל[1] וסיריל אגנאל ומהענף השני של המשפחה המורחבת, מקס סאק. מאמר שני זה בסדרה בת שלושה חלקים מתמקד בהיסטוריה המשפחתית המוקדמת ובהיסטוריה המלחמתית של סיריל אגנאל.
דרום אפריקאים התנדבו לשירות בכוח ההגנה של האיחוד (UDF) במהלך הסכסוך בזירות מזרח אפריקה, צפון אפריקה ואיטליה באותן כמעט שש שנים. יש להיזכר בחייהם של שלושת החיילים הללו באותה תקופה של חוסר ודאות, סכנה ואי נוחות קיצונית כחלק מארכיון הזיכרונות של משפחת אגנאל המורחבת. שלושה דודים, חיילים כולם, באירוע האכזרי ביותר מבין ה-20ה מאה. זיכרונות המלחמה, הבכידה, השעמום והסכנה, ההרפתקאות והטרגדיות החדירו את חוויותיהם של החיילים עצמם, כמו גם את זיכרונותיהם הביתיים והמשפחתיים של שלושת הגברים הללו.
"עד סוף המלחמה, יהודי דרום אפריקה, ששירתו בכוחות ההגנה של האיחוד ובכוחות בעלות הברית האחרים, שהיו רשומים בפנקס (יהודי דרום אפריקה), מנו קצת יותר מ-10,000 (9400 גברים ו-600 נשים), מתוך סך של 211,193,193 חיילים דרום אפריקאים.שלוש מאות חמישים ושבעה יהודי דרום אפריקה מסרו את חייהם ו-327 נפצעו או נפצעו; 143 הוזכרו במשלוחים; שניים זכו בעיטור ה-D.S.O., שבעה באות ה-O.B.E., ב-20 באות ה-D.B.E., באות ה-14 באות ה-D.C., באות ה-D.F.C., בשניים ב-D.C.M., בשניים ב-D.C.M., בשניים ב-D.F.M., בארבעה ב-D.E.M., ב-20 ב-D.F.M., בארבעה ב-D.E.M., ושני ה-K.מ."[2]
חיילים ומתנדבים, חדר מנוחה ופנאי, הגילדה היהודית (יוהנסבורג)
הערה על מתודולוגיה ומקורות
בסדרה זו, בת שלושה חלקים, העוקבת אחר חוויותיהם בזמן המלחמה של שלושת החיילים, רק במקרה של דוד אחד, סיריל אניאל (שבשנותיו המאוחרות היגר מדרום אפריקה לקנדה), יש ראיות מאששות בדמות ביוגרפיה המתעדת את זמנו בחיל האוויר המלכותי במהלך המלחמה. המידע המוצג כאן נלקח מרישומי המלחמה האישיים של כל אחד משלושת הדודים הללו. רשומות אלה שוכנות במרכז התיעוד העצמאי שהוקם לאחרונה, מרשים להפליא וללא רבב של כוחות ההגנה באיירין, פרטוריה. הסיפורים המתוארים כאן נובעים מהתגבשות התיעוד הכמעט הירוגליפי של חיילים אלה במאגר זה. הרישומים הם "הירוגליפיים" במובן זה שלעין בלתי מיומנת, למעיין בלתי יוזם במסמכים צבאיים, תיקים וכרטיסים אלה הכתובים בכתב יד המפרטים כל תנועה, העברה ואישור רשמי של חיילים במהלך מלחמת העולם השנייה מתובלים בקיצור צבאי בכתב יד ובקיצורים של סכסוך המרוחק כעת שמונים שנה. מתוך רישומים אלה וריבוי מקורות, חייהם של החיילים באותן חמש שנות לחימה איומות מוצבים בהקשר גדול וסוער זה. חלקו נרטיבי, חלקו פרשנות דמיונית והנחה, תנועות היחידות אליהן שובצו חיילים אלה משמשות כמדריך ומלוות לאורך המלחמה. חוויותיהם של הגיבורים ממוקמות בהקשר זה. להלן חלק 2 של סיפור זה.
סיריל: השנים הראשונות.
סיריל אניאל נולד ב-19 ביולי 1920 בפרבר של יוהנסבורג דורנפונטיין בבית ברחוב אפר פייג'. באותה תקופה היה מול בית המשפחה מועדון הטניס של הגילדה היהודית. [3] חינוכו בעיר הלך בדרך מסורתית משהו: תלמוד תורה בבית הספר העברי ואחריו חברות ב"הבונים" בגדוד טרומפלדור ובתיכון יפה לבנים[4]. בתיכון למדו הבנים ב"צוערים" חובה, במדים, שחשפו את המלומדים הגברים לתלאות המשמעת הצבאית.
הדור המבוגר יותר של סיריל דובר יידיש היגר לדרום אפריקה מהעיירה קלם (ה) שבליטא. [5] עם זאת, סיריל ואחיו התאקלמו במהירות לסביבה החדשה. דוד פכלר, במחקר שנערך לאחרונה,[6] כותב באופן ענייני על תהליך אינטגרציה זה וסוכניו. בהתייחסו הן לדורה סודן[7] והן לג'ק שפירו[8], מציע פכלר כי "אחד המאפיינים העיקריים המבדילים את הדור הראשון של יהודים שנולדו וגדלו בדרום אפריקה מהוריהם, ואחד שתרם לתהליך ההתאקלמות שלהם, היה השתתפותם באירועי ספורט וצפייה בהם". [9] אין ספק שזה היה נכון לגבי חובבים מושבעים סיריל ואחיו.
דרום אפריקה ערב מלחמת העולם השנייה
עם פלישת הכוחות הגרמניים לפולין ב-1 בספטמבר 1939, חויבה בריטניה, על פי ההסכם שלה עם פולין, להכריז מלחמה על גרמניה. ב-25 באוגוסט, יומיים לאחר הסכם ריבנטרופ-מולוטוב, נחתם הסכם העזרה ההדדית בין בריטניה לפולין. [10] כתוצאה מהצהרה זו, מדינות שהיו חלק מהאימפריה נדרשו להצטרף לבריטניה עם כוח נשק.
כניסתו של האיחוד למלחמת העולם השנייה לצד בריטניה ובעלות הברית הייתה שנויה במחלוקת מרה בתוך דרום אפריקה. בהפרש זעום של שבעה קולות בלבד, כיבד הפרלמנט את מחויבותו לבריטניה כחלק מחבר העמים. [11] ג'.ב.מ. הרצוג, ראש ממשלת האיחוד באותה עת של תבוסה פרלמנטרית, קרא לנייטרליות, בעוד ג'יי סי סמאטס, סגן ראש הממשלה, קרא ליישר קו עם בריטניה. כתוצאה מכך התפטר הרצוג וסמאטס הפך לראש הממשלה. ב-6 בספטמבר 1939 הכריזה דרום אפריקה מלחמה רשמית על גרמניה תחת הכרזה 197 משנת 1939.
אבל ההפרש הדחוק הזה של "שבעה קולות בלבד" גרם לכך שחלקים גדולים מציבור הבוחרים במדינה התנגדו למלחמה לצדה של בריטניה.
אישור פרלמנטרי קלוש, התנגדות ציבורית גדולה.
כפי שניתן לראות בחלק 1 של סדרה זו, כניסתה של דרום אפריקה לצד האימפריה במהלך מלחמת העולם השנייה הייתה אירוע שברירי במרקם החברתי של המדינה. הברית הפוליטית של ממשלת האיחוד הייתה מושכרת, והרצוג בחר בגלות פוליטית כתגובה לרצונו האישי ומפלגתו (המפלגה הלאומית) להישאר נייטרליים בסכסוך זה. הייתה זו קפיצה גדולה מכדי לצפות שהאיחוד, עדיין מדינה גיאופוליטית צעירה ב-1939, ייכנס למלחמה מחוץ לגבולותיו לצד האימפריה הבריטית – אימפריה ששיבשה, אתגרה ונלחמה נגד הרפובליקות הבוריות במלחמת התשה מרה פחות מארבעים שנה לפני ספטמבר 1939. זיכרון דורי של הקשיים והסבל, השפלת התבוסה היה עדיין חי בתודעת אפריקנרדום.
תנועות אנטי-מלחמתיות שונות נוצרו. נוצרו קבוצות פרו-נאציות ופרו-גרמניות בגוונים שונים ובחולצות שונות. הגוף העליון, לעומת זאת, היה Ossewabrandwag שנשלט על ידי אפריקנר. ה-OB (זקיף עגלת שוורים) נוצר על נחשול התודעה הלאומית האפריקאנרית בשנת 1938, זיכרונות העבר התעוררו על ידי ציון מאה שנה לטרק הגדול. [12] השחזור של הטרק הגדול שילב בחגיגת הקרוס קאנטרי של אותו טרק את זיכרונות הגבורה והעצמאות העזה, שסייעו להעלות את האירוע למעמד מיתי.
OB התגבשה כתנועה תרבותית, לאומנית, החוגגת את ההיסטוריה של האפריקנרים בדרום אפריקה. אירוע הולדתו היה ציון מאה שנה, בשנת 1938, לתנועתם של אותם מטיילים ממורמרים אל פנים הארץ מן הכף, הרחק מתחום ההשפעה הבריטי ומהמסגרת החוקית שלו. כאשר המאה שלאחר מלחמת הבורים עשתה את דרכה אל תוך שנות השלושים והיווצרות OB, שני עמודי תווך של תנועה זו בלטו די בבירור: על עמוד אחד, גאווה לאומית גדולה. האיחוד של דרום אפריקה נוצר, אפריקאנס הוקמה כשפה רשמית מכובדת, והמדינה, במה שהיה אזור חקלאי כפרי, הייתה מתועשת תחת הנהגתם האפריקאנרית של יאן כריסטיאן סמאטס וג'יי בי אם הרצוג. שניהם היו גנרלים במלחמת הבורים הגיבורים. בעמוד השני נמשכו רגשות של טינה ומרירות מציפה. התבוסה בידי האימפריאליזם הבריטי, צמיחתה של בעיה לבנה ענייה, חוסר השליטה של האפריקנרים בכלכלה, הסימן להתנגשות הולכת וגוברת של לאומיות בין דרום אפריקאים שחורים ולבנים, נדידתם של הלבנים הכפריים לשעבר לערים, כל אלה סיפקו את אבן הבניין לתחייתה של זהות קבוצתית חזקה, התגלמות חלקית על ידי הצמיחה וההתקשרות לתנועת OB המתהווה. הכניסה למלחמת העולם השנייה לצד בריטניה הייתה אפוא מאוס על חברות התנועה.
אך זה לא היה הגורם היחיד שמשך חלק מאוכלוסיית האיחוד להתנגד להצטרפות כוחות ההגנה של דרום אפריקה לבעלות הברית. בשני העשורים של 1930 ו-1940, שקודמו במיוחד על ידי מפלגת הפולקס-פאר הלאומית (HNP), היה החשש הניכר מאוד מפני התפשטות הקומוניזם, במיוחד אל האיחוד ובתוכו. לדברי ההיסטוריון מילטון שיין,[13] "החוברת של [אריק] לאו, 'הסכנה הקומוניסטית', סיפקה הצצה טהורה לפחדים הלאומניים". [14] כניסתה של רוסיה למלחמה לצד בעלות הברית שלחה אדוות גדולות עוד יותר של פחד ללבבות הימין במדינה זו. המחשבה על ניצחון בעלות הברית, שיובא במידה לא מבוטלת על ידי הצבא הרוסי, תביא לתבוסתה של גרמניה, לתוצאה מפחידה מאוד, וכתוצאה מכך להתפשטות הבולשביזם. היא נכנסה לתודעתם של אלה שכבר התנגדו להשתתפותה של דרום אפריקה במאמץ המלחמתי.
זמן זה היה, ואיזו תקופה זה היה...
באוקטובר 1940 הפך הנס ואן רנסבורג, דמות כריזמטית, למנהיג האוסוואברנדוואג כאשר המנהיג הראשון והאימפולסיבי של התנועה, קולונל ג'יי סי לאס פוטר מתפקידו. לאס העלה את הטענה המוזרה שהוא היה בקשר טלפתי עם אדולף היטלר. [15] ואן רנסבורג, שהיה בעל רקע צבאי, היה גם מנהל המדינה החופשית. הוא התפטר מתפקידו כאדמיניסטרטור ב-1 בינואר 1941 כדי למלא את תפקידו כקומנדנט-גנרל של ה-OB. ב-1936 השתתף בתמרונים צבאיים בגרמניה ונפגש עם היטלר והרמן גרינג, שאת מנהיגותם בגרמניה העריץ. [16] ההתנגדות למלחמה לצד האימפריה הייתה בעלת חשיבות עליונה לחשיבה שלו ושל התנועה. לדברי המחבר, הקונפליקט בין "strydlustige soldate" לבין "lewenslustigeanti-oorlogsgesinde studente". ב-7 באוגוסט 1940 ניהלו כמה מאות חיילים ממחנה צבאי בפרטוריה קרב עיקש עם סטודנטים באוניברסיטה. מספר חיילים וסטודנטים נפצעו בפראקות, ונזק רב נגרם לרכוש. כתוצאה מכך החלו תוכניות מצד מתנגדי מלחמה מיליטנטיים לתקוף את המחנה הצבאי ולכבוש אותו. על החיילים, לעומת זאת, נאסר להיכנס לשטח האוניברסיטה כשהתברר שהם בתורם רוצים לשרוף את האוניברסיטה. [18] במהלך החודשים הבאים, מספר רב של מסיתים נגד המלחמה הואשמו בהפרת סדר ציבורית. במקום התרחשו קרבות רחוב. הייתה, לדברי בלייק, היסטריה המונית ועלייה ברגשות העממיים. הדבר הוביל לאלימות בין "שנינות" במרכז יוהנסבורג בשעות הערב שבין יום שישי ה-31 בינואר ליום ראשון, ה-2 בפברואר 1941. "באצטדיון het dit gelyk asof dit in bloedbad afstuur." [19]
Deputy Prime Minister General Jan Christiaan Smuts and Prime Minister J B M Hertzog, with their wives; Eric Louw; Hans van Rensburg
Only the Brave…
Such was the explosive situation in the Union, when obviously visible, uniformed soldiers wearing the lapel that set them apart, walked the streets in a society where very many citizens were dangerously opposed to them.
And it was in this frosty atmosphere where those men and women who had volunteered to join the forces of the Union and who were prepared to fight and serve on foreign soil, were doubly brave. By taking the oath, and especially by wearing the very visible red lapel, they risked danger abroad and hate and animosity at home in the Union. Among such stouthearted men were Alec Egnal, Max Sack and Cyril Egnal. They were indeed brave men and bold.
The South African Air Force.
Both Cyril Egnal and Max Sack, respectively, would soon after volunteering, be assigned to serve in the South African Air Force.
Prior to the outbreak of the Second World War, the SA Airforce was in a steady period of expansion. This was largely driven by Lieutenant-Colonel (later Sir) Pierre van Rynveld.[20] In June of 1920 he was appointed Director of Air Services, headquartered at Roberts Heights, near Pretoria.[21] “This date is acknowledged as marking the official birth of the SAAF.[22] In 1939, the Union Government approved the Air Force Development Programme providing for the training of one hundred pilots and the establishment of two bomber groups, one medium and one heavy bombers respectively.[23] Development under the threat of war proceeded apace and van Rynveld’s approved plan, known as the “Peace Expansion Scheme” in which a total of 720 aircraft were acquired – 336 of which were fighters.[24]
Air training schools proliferated. On 1 August 1940, a joint air training scheme came into being throughout the British Commonwealth. “The scheme provided for the establishment of 24 flying schools.” By the end of the war in 1945, 36 air schools had been established.[25]
In his memoir, Cyril writes that at the start of the war, he trained and qualified as a physical training instructor at what was then Roberts Heights Air Base, outside of the city of Pretoria. Interestingly, one of Cyril’s instructors was the legendary rugby Springbok scrumhalf and coach, Danie Craven.
In January 1942, Cyril enlisted in the Union Defence Force and joined the SA Air Force. “I wanted to be a pilot, but since I was an accountant, they trained me as a navigator/bomber”.[26] His brother Alec had joined the UDF at the start of World War 2.[27] A few months after joining the air force, in June 1942, Cyril was posted to 75 Air School in Youngsfield in the Cape.[28] Training lasted some months, Cyril being transferred to various units.
Navigator working at his chart-table inan RAF Stirling bomber [29]
Cyril would have carefully been following the air war as it unfolded in Europe. At this time, he was uncertain about where he would be posted. During his time of training as a navigator/bomber, the technology in this field was considerable and constantly evolving. He was being exposed to these methods which were being developed in the air war and the bombing raids by the Royal Air Force on German cities. He would have been undergoing training in navigation and target spotting by the use of wireless signals that would be displayed on a cathode ray tube to the navigator.[30] This early technology too was subject to jamming by the German systems, which had been instituted at about the same time that Cyril was promoted to the officer rank of 2nd Lieutenant, on 21 August 1943.[31] New technology employed radio pulses echoing from ground up. It was an increasingly sophisticated endeavour. The South African contribution to enhancing the effectiveness of radar was considerable. In the 1940s, urged on by Smuts and under the direction of (Sir) Basil Schonland and the later Vice-Chancellor of Witwatersrand University “Bozz” Bozolli, significant progress was made in radar technology. “Word had reached the Royal Airforce that the South Africans had a radar set-up which was more mobile than anything they possessed”.[32] Cyril wore the red lapel, and with it came the knowledge that he could be sent into areas of conflict outside of the borders of the Union. It engendered considerable anxiety and insecurity, even for a man of the considerable composure and self-assured confidence that Cyril possessed.
Just prior to Cyril’s promotion as an officer, the military records show too, that from his earlier posting at 75 Air School, he was then posted to 66 Air School, and thereafter, almost a year later, to 48 Air School (17/04/1943).[33] During this time at the various air schools, he was most probably being exposed to training on Junkers aircraft, the JU-52s which were used as transport craft, and the JU-86s medium bombers.[34] These aircraft had now become part of his milieu.
Cyril’s time in South Africa was drawing to a close. Having spent eight months at 48 Air School, trained and ready for service, he was posted to Cairo, Egypt, on 21 December 1943.
Lieutenant Cyril Egnal in uniform
Cairo, City of Intrigue.
Egypt, though an independent kingdom since 1922, was under the coercive influence of the United Kingdom.[36] However, there was considerable Nationalist opposition to the United Kingdom. Egypt, via treaty, hosted many thousands of British and Allied soldiers during World War 2, although, until almost the very end of the war, Egypt remained neutral. In the midst of the war, however, in 1942, there was potential for a conflagration in the relationship with Britain, during a standoff between the British military and King Farouk, at Abdeen Palace.[37] Naquib Mahfouz described Cairo during the late 1930s and during World War 2. He wrote it “mirrors an Egypt trying to plunge into the modern world but beset by colonialism, a rigid class system and political oppression.”[38] During the 1920s, the Jewish population of Egypt had risen to almost 80 000. Regarding the Jewish community of Cairo, “a sharp distinction had long existed between the respective Karaite and Rabbanite communities, among whom traditionally, intermarriage was prohibited. They dwelt in two contiguous areas.”[39]
It was on a memorable evening, in the middle of bustling, crowded, cosmopolitan Cairo, that by extraordinary coincidence, Cyril bumped into his older brother Alec, in a bar in the city.[40] Alec Egnal was in Cairo, on leave from the campaign against the Axis forces in Italy. Years later, Cyril in his memoir would write in nostalgic recollection, almost laconically, about the chance meeting with his brother Alec that evening in crowded Cairo: “We had a wonderful evening together”.[41]
During this time of Cyril’s arrival in Cairo, intensive bombing by the RAF on German cities had commenced. The first Bomber Command raid had taken place on the night of November 18/19, 1943. On December 17, extensive damage was done to the Berlin railway system.[42] On the night of December 29/30, Berlin was attacked by 364 Lancasters, 8 Mosquitoes and 7 Halifax’s. On the night of December 29/30 December, Berlin was targeted by a combined force of 712 aircraft.[43] “This campaign was a result of a decision taken by the War Cabinet….to destroy all of Germany’s cities with populations of over 100,000.”[44] A year later Bomber Command under (Bomber) Arthur Harris, had enough aircraft to attempt this campaign. Hamburg especially, on July 27 1943, had suffered approximately 20 000 deaths in a single air raid.[45] Despite all these attacks on these cities, Germany did not submit or capitulate.
The atmosphere among the many troops in Cairo, Cyril among them, would have been electric as this news siphoned through.
New Posting: The Royal Air Force
Again, at this very time, almost as if these dates were somehow engineered, Cyril received a new posting instruction, one that would determine how his time in uniform would unfold. He was instructed to join the Royal Air Force, and seconded to its ARC unit, the Aircraft Recovery Centre. The motto of the unit was “Swift to Recover”.[46] Less generously, the (Joint) Aircraft Recovery and Transportation squadron was informally known as “crash and smash”.[47] The squadron was tasked with the recovery and transportation of aircraft from post-crash incidents. The assessing, salvaging, repairing and transporting of crashed aircraft was the responsibility of such units during World War 2. He was attached to 21 Pilot training centre, and was being trained to work on heavy bombers,[48] and in the recovery and transportation of aircraft. In this squadron, on 21 February, 1944, Cyril was promoted to full lieutenant, one of a number of Jewish South African soldiers to attain officer’s rank. Soon after his promotion, on 4 March 1944,[49] after a seemingly short tour of duty in Egypt of about 4 months, he was now transferred to the Royal Air Force Station Aqir, in thecentre of mandated Palestine.
The RAF in British Mandated Palestine
During the period of the mandate, the British saw the tactical necessity for an air defence system in the region. To this end, the Tel Nof airbase was founded in 1939.[50] An even earlier aircraft base in the region, and the first to be established by the Royal Air Force, was RAF Gaza.[51] It was established on the south west coast of mandated Palestine. “RAF Gaza was used for passenger services…..as a stop en-route to Baghdad and further to Karachi or Batavia…..”[52] This RAF base, used as an ammunition depot for a few months in 1942, was located on the site of the present day Karni crossing between the Gaza strip and Israel.[53] The Tel Nof base, known as RAF Aqir (1941-1948) during the time of the mandate, was close to the site of Aqir, an Arab village close by. It was located in the Ramle sub-district, some 9kms south west of Ramle itself. Aqir was thought to lie at the site of the ancient Philistine city of Ekron.[54] Cyril, inquisitive of his environment and keenly aware of biblical history, would have been fascinated by the environment in which he now found himself.
At the time of Cyril’s posting at Aqir, a number of RAF squadrons were located at the base. Cyril would probably have known, and trained on some of the numerous RAF aircraft stationed there already since 1941. These aircraft were, inter alia, the Westland Lysander, the Halifax Bombers and the Bristol Blenheim. Training in heavy bombers entailed from Cyril rigorous disciple, attention to fine details, icy concentration. There were indeed numerous types of bomber aircraft in service in the Royal Air Force, and as the war progressed, improvements and adaptations to the fleet were made. The fast twin engine Mosquito light bomber (1941) was in extensive use but the squadrons were gradually being converted into four engine bombers.[55] The crew on these heavy bombers consisted mainly of a flight engineer, navigator, air bomber, gunners and a wireless operator. The Royal Airforce alone, in its various theatres of combat, suffered 39 804 fatalities.[56]
A Lancaster Bomber, RAF Museum, London. Photograph courtesy Ron Gordon
“I was trained as a bomber /navigator….”[57]
Cyril would have undergone training similar to that described in the following extract: “The air bomber, (was) more normally called the bomb aimer. He manned the nose-mounted gun turret (usually twin .303 machine guns) during the operation and provided assistance to the navigator. To operate the bomb sight he would crawl into the bomb aimer’s compartment in the lower section of the nose of the aircraft and release the bomb load onto the target at the appropriate time.”[58]
On a similar initial training trajectory as Cyril was another Air Force volunteer, one who would go on to become a prominent South African politician. Harry Schwarz was born in Germany and arrived in Cape Town in 1933.[60] Graduating from Jeppe High School in 1943, he opted to join the air force. He was stationed and trained as a “navigator and bomb aimer” at the Lyttleton Air Base, near Pretoria. After initial training, he would be posted to Egypt. …….as part of Squadron 15.[61] Approximately half a decade after war’s end, “Schwarz’s organised anti-apartheid campaigning began with co-founding the Torch Commando, an ex-servicemen’s movement to protest against the disenfranchisement of Coloured people in South Africa. Its members included World War II flying ace Adolph (Sailor) Malan, and at its height it had 250 000 members.”[62] Schwarz would have a stellar career as a member in the opposition benches to the Nationalist government in the pre-1994 South African parliament.
Bomb aimer lying flat in the nose of the aircraft [62]
Cyril and his brother Alec
Cyril, in his memoir, makes reference to having spent some time in Tel Aviv and in Jerusalem, probably on furlough. It was probably on one of these visits to Tel Aviv that he met with his older brother Alec, for one evening in Tel Aviv.[63] Alec was on leave from the allied campaign in Italy. It would prove to be the brothers’ very last meeting. Corporal Alec Egnal was killed on 18 July 1945, on his way home after 5 years in uniform, in a small aircraft that crashed at Sudan’s Khartoum airport. Not one of the thirteen homeward-bound soldiers and crew survived the devastating crash. Alec lies buried in the Commonwealth Cemetery in Khartoum. In a strange twist of fate, family memories suggest that a fellow soldier also demobbed and due to fly home on that very flight gave up his seat to him. As family memories suggest, the soldier felt that Alec, having been married during his wartime service, should be given the chance to return home sooner.[64] Fate intervened, disastrously.[65]
On this day, United States troops landed on Biak Island, in the Pacific….[66]
“A Mosquito XV1 aircraft of No 60 Squadron, South African Airforce, (was) operating from Foggia Airfield Complex in southern Italy ….During one such mission, in Spring 1944, one of 60 Squadron planes …photographed Auschwitz.”[67]
In India
And on this very day, 28 May 1944, Cyril was transferred, quite suddenly, to India.
Events in the sub-continent had caused a considerable deterioration in the security situation in that part of the empire. Cyril’s transfer occurred amidst the advance of the Japanese’s 15th Army, which had begun, in March, against India’s North East frontier. The attack had been launched to forestall a planned British invasion of Burma.[68] The 15th intended to capture the British supply bases on the Imphal Plain and cut off the road links. Imphal was on the frontier with Burma. It housed a considerable Allied logistic base.[69] The Japanese army was supported to some degree by dissident Indian forces who wished to overthrow British rule in India. The monsoons occurred between May and September, with the RAF and the US Air Force flying men, equipment and supplies to Imphal. “The Japanese defeat at Kohima and Imphal was the largest up until that time.”[70] They had suffered 54 879 casualties, including 13 376 dead. Most of these losses were the result of starvation, disease and exhaustion. The Allies suffered 12 603 casualties.[71]
Map: Kohima and Imphal on the India/Burma Border[72]
It was to this theater in the East that was in such considerable danger of the war spilling over from the Japanese mainland, that Cyril is recorded as being stationed at the 3rd Ferry Unit[73] of the air Command South East Asia (Pakistan/India). “The air component of the British-American South East Asia Command became Air Command, South East Asia (ACSEA) on 30 December 1943. It was based almost entirely in India.[74]
In India, Cyril was flying continuously on various aircraft missions. The skies, however, were clear of enemy. Many are the reports from RAF personnel in India at that time who noted that the biggest danger they faced were from the monsoons over the sub-continent.[75] Cyril, in his own short biography, somewhat tongue in cheek claimed that he got to know India better than his own homeland. He records that he flew, inter alia, to Delhi, Bombay (now Mumbai), Calcutta, and then also to Burma, Bangalore and Mandalay. Air miles indeed! Each one of the names are names to conjure with; they ring with a certain nostalgia and historical heft.
Aside, however, from the unsettling effects of the monsoons in the air, other disruptive forces were taking place on the ground below and in the streets of the towns and cities of India. India hardly displayed a unified voice of support for the Allies’ war against the Axis forces. The RAF presence in India was to very many citizens, the symbol of the colonizing power of England. India, as part of the British Empire, was a country hardly unified in its allegiance to the Crown, and hence to the alliance of the Allies in their war against the Reich, as had been the case with South Africa. Although the Indian army in the period between World War I and World War II had undergone some considerable structural change in terms of leadership, the officer corps remained mainly staffed by British professional soldiers. Yet this response to nationalist demands was deemed insufficient and was “bitterly opposed by many British Indian army officers and led to racial tension among them” and “most Indians [saw] discrimination at the hands of their fellow British officers and were often viewed as outcasts among the larger social club. They were often paid less and had to endure harsher conditions than their British counterparts”.[76]
The pre-war climate in India had led to large scale disaffection among its population. It had become a cauldron of expectation and dissension vis-à-vis Britain, the Commonwealth and participation in the war. It was felt that India had been forced into the war by undemocratic means. This is believed to have led to the launch of the 1942 Quit India Movement, “characterised by mass agitation against 200 years of British rule.”[77] The Indian National Congress, led by Mohandas Karamachand Gandhi, had denounced the Nazi ideology, but demanded independence before extending support for the war against the Reich.”[78] Nevertheless, some Indian leaders like Subhas Chandra Bose and Mohan Singh Deb “advocated a military alliance with Germany or Japan, to secure independence from Britain.”[79] Bose had, during 1941-1942, met with von Ribbentrop, Himmler and Hitler.[80] From August, 1944, the “Indian Legion” was formed as a part of the German Army, with the aim of liberating India from British rule.[81]
Prior to Cyril’s arrival in India, the British government had, in 1942, reacted very forcefully against the Indian National Congress and its Quit India Movement. The government arrested sixty thousand Congress leaders, and key members of the movement were to be kept incarcerated until 1945.
At the same time, however, Indian forces throughout all the theatres of the war, in the Middle East, in Europe and in South East Asia were a huge contributing factor in the defeat of the Axis forces and the Japanese Army’s onslaught in South East Asia, on India’s borders. Among those fighters were the Gurkha troops of the Indian Army …..under their commander (later Major-General) Orde Charles Wingate.[82] These troops, popularly known as “Chindits”, played a crucial role in halting the Japanese advance into South East Asia.”[83]
Major-General Orde Charles Wingate (1903-1944)
But in the Air, and its Perils, Cyril…
Cyril was isolated from the discord being played out in the country. Quite probably he would have had access to various newspapers, such as the Times of India (founded 1838) at the RAF headquarters in the city. All these events of the tension and political agitation against Empire would have been known to the RAF airmen in India and especially to Cyril, inquisitive man that he was. He would surely have been immersed in discussions about the politics outside of the somewhat cloistered, separated and elitist RAF groupings in the country. He would too have reflected on the political situation in his own country, the Union of South Africa, and the growing antagonism of his fellow citizens to South Africa’s participation in the War. News about the degree of civil discord and the internment of anti-war agitators would have caused him to shake his head. Cyril would also have been preoccupied with thoughts of home, of his parents and siblings, and especially of his older brother Alec, who, in Cyril’s own words, had joined the army on the day war broke out.[84] He knew too that Alec, during this latter part of the year 1944, was with the Allied army in Italy.
As was the case in all the other theatres of war, flying was especially hazardous. Flying accidents, not associated with actual exposure to dogfights in the air or of anti-aircraft guns, but resulting at times from poor visibility, under-serviced craft, pilot error and extreme weather conditions caused many servicemen to lose their lives.[85] Cyril recalled the dangers of flying during the monsoon season which took a heavy toll on aircraft and how he survived “one scary and unpleasant incident (!) in a tumbling plane that eventually landed safely.”[86] Once again Cyril’s tendency to nonchalance is evident in his recall of this event. This same dismissive tendency was surely a means of coping, post the war, with the many horrifying events that the servicemen had experienced between 1939 and 1945.
Corroboration of Cyril’s recollection is supported by the writings of Elizabeth Dent, in her book Clipped Wings.[87] The book is a record of photographs found in a tin trunk that had belonged to her father, 70 years after war’s end. It is a fascinating record of the lives of the men and women who served in the Royal Air Force in India and Burma during the war. Dent writes, as had Cyril similarly, that “another hardship was the monsoons – continuous torrential rain for days, continuously, and they had to work in it all the time.”[88] Dent adds that another great hardship, often overlooked in retrospect, was how servicemen struggled with being away from home “when most youngsters had never been overseas before.”[89]
Flying, Flying…
During all this time of his service in the RAF in India, Cyril was traversing and criss-crossing the Indian airspace and sub-continent from end to end and beyond. He was sent to Karachi, in Pakistan. He ferried aircraft from Karachi to the main RAF base in Burma. He was part of the 3rd Ferry Unit (28 May 1944).[90] Cyril, by now a full lieutenant in the RAF, was posted to 8 Ferry Unit on 7 September 1944. Repeatedly, he flew from Delhi to Calcutta (now Kolkata), a distance (now) of 1305 kilometres. Cyril reports too, that, many a time, he flew over the Taj Mahal. From Karachi, where he was stationed at the base camp, he would fly across the sub-continent to Kolkata, a distance of 2590 kilometres, stopping en- route at British and American air force bases. He also flew, he says, to Poona. Ah, Poona! Poona was the scene of the meeting with the Aga Khan and Winston Churchill. According to the Khan, it was where he first met Churchill, in 1896.[91]
Flying, Flying, Flying………..[92]
In his colourful wartime recollections, Cyril entrancingly describes his own visit to Poona. It was here that he and a Jewish serviceman visited the Poona synagogue. Arriving at the so-called “Jewish Church” in a “gharrie”,[93] Cyril and his “Jewish buddy” upon entering the synagogue, records that “we were astonished by its magnificence”.[94] They would have stumbled into the Ohel David Synagogue, consecrated in September of 1867. It had been designed by the architect Henry Saint Clair Wilkins in the English Gothic style. Its commanding spire reached a height of ninety feet in the air. The funder of this house of worship was the famous David Sassoon, who seems to have died during the long period of its construction. He is buried in the Ohel David synagogue itself.[95] By chance too, according to Cyril, the chaplain at Ohel David during the war, would later serve at a South African shul.[96]
Ohel David synagogue, Poona[97]
In a tender recollection, Cyril remembered a cross sub-continent flight into Afghanistan. On a short furlough in that country, he recalls wandering into a busy market, to buy “a beautiful nightgown for my future wife, Hannah.”[98]
Time for cricket, anyone?
During his time in India, between transport flights, Lieutenant Egnal could not let slip the opportunity of playing a highly competitive game of cricket. Cricket and India indeed “go together like a horse and carriage”. Being talented at many different sports, Cyril relished the chance to play in a series of informal, but highly contested matches between teams of servicemen. Her describes the competition of numerous games played “in a knockout system of four teams: the Europeans, the Hindus, the Muslims and the Parsees.” He further recalls that a match between the “Europeans” and the “Hindus” ended in a draw. It was agreed that the result would be determined by the toss of a coin. The coin fell in favor of the “Europeans”. “The Hindus went to the Supreme Court to have our win overturned. The court turned them down. The incident was major news in the papers.”[99]
The Red Lapel: An amusing and novel interpretation.
Cyril recalls, in a second short memoir, that the RAF headquarters in Calcutta were housed in the largest hotel in that city, which had been taken over by the Indian government to house Air Force officers.[100] The scene is set on one of those afternoons when five South African airmen of the RAF were relaxing in the hotel lounge. Now all those men who had joined the Union Defence Force as volunteers were identified as such by the wearing of the Red Lapel on their uniform. It was a badge of honour, a sign of willingness to join General Smuts’ call to arms in the Empire’s war against German expansionism and its murderous intents. It was indeed a “red badge of courage.”[101]
But on that afternoon in the hotel lounge in Calcutta, the red badge became an object of considerable curiosity to six British airmen who joined the five South Africans, presumably at tea. As these airmen believed the wearers of the Red Badge to be Russians, the South Africans resorted to moving the fable along by speaking to each other in Afrikaans! Their listeners were taken in by this charade. Unable to tell the difference between Afrikaans and Russian, they believed indeed that the South Africans were Bolsheviks! This too, found its way into a column in the South African newspaper The Star, to be greeted with much hilarity among that paper’s readers.[102]
All we are saying, is give peace a chance…
As the weeks slipped by, Cyril’s RAF squadron was headquartered close to the Taj Mahal. The war in Europe ended on 8 May 1945. The Auschwitz death camp, which had been reconnoitered by a South African Air Force air crew in 1944, had been liberated. Victorious Allies now encountered the horrifying evidence of the Nazi crimes across Europe.[103] Cyril had a few more weeks in India. He had begun thinking of returning home. In July, he received orders to return to South Africa for discharge. He would await transport home from Bombay, from whence he boarded a Chinese merchant vessel at the beginning of August 1945. It was aboard this ship, on 15 August, that he heard on radio that Japan had surrendered. Cyril recalls the jubilation on hearing this announcement, while at sea. “We now hoped for peace ever after.”[104]
Would Cyril by now have received the news of his brother Alec’s tragic death in the airplane accident on the runway at Khartoum’s airport, on that fateful day of July 18, 1945? Alec, he who had in Cyril’s own words, volunteered for service on the day South Africa declared war on Great Britain’s side?
Oh the wastage! Oh the carnage! Oh the murderess intent and its execution!
Khartoum War Cemetery
Post-script.
Cyril had boarded the ship bringing him home. The sudden prospect of stepping out of uniform and transforming himself into civilian life, would, this writer believes, have been accomplished with aplomb. Cyril, as the writer knew him, could distance himself from difficult events, and in a pragmatic manner absorb life’s vicissitudes, board life’s aircraft and navigate his way to a safe touchdown.
Cyril would, metaphorically, again connect with his brother Alec, whose most tragic of deaths would sear, scar and seep deeply into the family’s collective memory. Cyril would on one occasion visit Alec’s grave at Khartoum, in the huge British military cemetery of that city in the Sudan. And in a dream-like sequence in a deep sleep in his aged body, he would re-unite with his brothers Alec and Isaac (Itz).[105] Cyril died in October, 2019, in Toronto Canada, at the age of 99.
Acknowledgements: I extend my thanks to my wife Denise Buxbaum (nee Egnal), niece to these three uncles, for having proofread this article. I, however, retain responsibility for any errors in the body of the article. My heartfelt thanks to Cyril Egnal’s daughter, Karen Rybko, for sharing many memories about her father.
Stuart Buxbaum, a regular contributor to Jewish Affairs, holds an honours degree in Sociology from Wits University (1970) and an honours degree in Judaica from UNISA (1984). After working in the social research unit of the SA Jewish Board of Deputies in the early 1970s, he farmed for many years in Mpumalanga. His previous contributions to Jewish Affairs include a three-part history of Herber House, a boarding facility for Jewish youth from the country districts attending King David school, which appeared in 2019-2020.
1 For A H Egnal’s story, see the author’s https://www.jewishaffairs.co.za/three-uncles-in-world-war-ii-part-1/
2 South African Jews in World War 11. Published by The South African Jewish Board of Deputies, The Eagle Press, Johannesburg. 1950, p14.
3 Egnal, Cyril. “Great Great Uncle Cyril Egnal.’ Unpublished monograph, pp 53-62. Autobiography as dictated to, and assisted by his nephew, Avron Mintz, circa 2005-2008. P 1
4 See inter alia, Rubin, M, The Jewish Community of Johannesburg, 1886-1939: Landscapes of Reality and Imagination. M.A. Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2004; Habonim is a Jewish youth movement and G’dud Trumpeldor one of its age related groups Jeppe High School is located in Johannesburg.
5 Kelme. “According to the Yiskor book of Kelme, that town lay between the towns of Shavele and Tavarig. The origin of the name Kelme derives from the word “tree trunk.” Buxbaum, Stuart. “Three Uncles in World War 11 (Part 1). Jewish Affairs, Volume 77 #3 Spring 2022
6 Fachler, David. ‘Tradition, Accommodation, Revolution and Counterrevolution: A history of a century of struggle for the soul of Orthodoxy in Johannesburg’s Jewish community, 1915-2015’ PhD Thesis, University of Cape Town, Department of Historical Studies, January 2022.
7 Dora Sowden. (b 1907) was the music and film critic of the leading South African newspaper, The Rand Daily Mail.
8 Jack Shapiro (b 1933).was educated at Doornfontein Primary School and Athlone High School, in Johannesburg. He authored the book The Streets of Doornfontein, ISBN 978-0-620-47340-b.
9 Fachler, op. cit.
10 “Anglo Polish alliance”. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Polish_alliance
11 S Steyn, Richard. Seven Votes. How WW11 changed South Africa Forever. Jonathan Ball, Johannesburg, Cape Town, London. 2020
12 The Great Trek was that vast movement of disaffected proto-Afrikaners from the Cape who moved on ox-drawn waggons and on horseback with large herds of cattle and servants north, into the interior of the country, away from British rule. In 1833 Britain had legislated that slavery must end in all their colonies.
13 Shain, Milton. A Perfect Storm. Antisemitism in South Africa 1930-1948. Jonathan Ball Publishers, Johannesburg and Cape Town.2015.Shain refers to Eric Louw’s “The Communist Danger”. Publications of the Enlightenment Service of the Reunited Nationalist Party, No 5, 1943.
14 Shain, ibid.
15 Blake, Albert. Wit Terroriste. Afrikaner-Saboteurs in die Ossewabrandwagjare. Tafelberg Uitgewers,2018. pp33-34
16 ibid, p35
17 ibid. A rough translation would render the phrases as “soldiers eager to enter conflict” and “young, enthusiastic anti-war students.
18 ibid, p47.
19 ibid. “In a stadium, it appeared as if it would lead to a bloodbath.” (Translated from Afrikaans) p. 47
20 In March, 1920, Pierre van Rynveld and Quinton Brand completed the first trans-Atlantic flight from London to the Youngsfield airport, in the Cape Province of South Africa
21 Voortrekkerhoogte was then known as Robert’s Heights, named after Field-Marshal Lord Frederick Roberts. The cornerstone was laid by Lord Kitchener in 1902, and was founded by the British army in 1905. Kitchener and Roberts were the architects of the war against the two Boer republics during the Anglo-Boer War of 1899-1902. It was renamed Voortrekkerhoogte by the government of the Union of South Africa, in 1939. In 1998, in the new democratic dispensation of the country, it was renamed Thaba Tshwane. “Thaba Tshwane”, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thaba_Tshwane
22 The History of the South African Airforce (SAAF). https://saafmuseum.org.za/about/the-history-of-the-sa-air-force/
23 ibid.
24 ibid.
25 ibid.
26 Egnal,Cyril. op. cit
27 Buxbaum, Stuart. Three Uncles in World War 2. Jewish Affairs, Volume 77 #3, Spring, 2022
28 DODA, The South African National Defence Force Documentation Centre, (Military Archives). Herein to be referred to as DODA, Cyril Egnal file.
29 WW2 bomber navigator Stock Photos and Images. ttps://www.alamy.com/stock-photo/ww2-bomber-navigator.html?sortBy=relevant
30 Battle of Berlin. (RAF Campaign) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin_(RAF_campaign)
31 DODA. Cyril Egnal file.
32 “Radar at Wits: South Africa’s development of Radar within three months in World War 11” https://www.theheritageportal.co.za/article/radar-wits-south-africas-development-radar-within-three-months-world-war-ii I acknowledge with thanks Frank Joffe from Forest Town, who brought this to my attention.
33 DODA ibid,
34 The History of the South African Airforce (SAAF). op. cit
35 Egnal, Cyril. op. cit
36 “Egypt in World War 2”. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt_in_World_War_II
37 ibid
38 Editorial Review, from Publishers Weekly: Naquib Mahfouz. Sugar Street: The Cairo Trilogy, Volume 3. amazon.com/Sugar-Street-Cairo-Trilogy-3-ebook/dpBOIGBAKAVO Accessed 10/07/2023
39 “History of the Jews in Egypt”. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt Accessed 10/07/2023.
40 See Buxbaum, Stuart. “Three Uncles in World War 2, Part One”. Jewish Affairs, op. cit
41 Egnal, Cyril. op. cit. For a fuller, imagined account of the brothers’ meeting, see “Three Uncles in World War 2”, (Part 1) op. cit
42 “Battle of Berlin”. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin
43 ibid.
44 “Operation Gomorrah. Firestorm Created Germany’s Nagasaki”. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-43546839
45 ibid
46 “Joint Aircraft Recovery and Transportation Squadron”. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Aircraft_Recovery_and_Transportation_Squadron
47 ibid.
48 Egnal, Cyril. op. cit
49 DODA, Cyril Egnal file.
50 “Tel Nof Airbase” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_Nof_Airbase
51 “RAF Gaza”. https;//Wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Gaza. It was originally built in 1917, with German assistance, for military use by the Ottoman Empire.
52 ibid.
53 “Aqir” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqir
54 ibid.
55 “RAF Bomber Command aircrew of World War 11”. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Bomber_Command_aircrew_of_World_War_II
56 ibid
57 Egnal, Cyril. op. cit
58 ibid.
59 ‘Harry Schwarz’. sahistory.org.za/people/harry-heinz-schwarz
.article. Schwartz was born in 1924, and migrated to South Africa in1934. A panel exhibit commemorates Schwartz in the Johannesburg Holocaust and Genocide Centre, Forest Town.
60 ‘Harry Schwarz.’ en.wikipedia.org.za/people/harry-heinz-schwarz
61 sahistory.org.sa/people/harry-heinz-schwarz
62 “Bomb- Aimer”. https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/whos-who-in-an-raf-bomber-crew#:~:text=Bomb%2DAimer,- %C2%A9%20IWM%20(CH&text=He%20would %20lie%20flat%20in,number%20of%20operations%20carried%20out
63 Buxbaum, Stuart. “Three Uncles in World War 2, op. cit.
64 Confirmed by Arlene Rubin (Ra’anana, Israel) niece to the late Alec Egnal.
65 “The Department of Defense regrets to announce that a Ventura aircraft of the shuttle service with a crew of three and thirteen passengers, crashed on landing at Khartoum yesterday afternoon. There were no survivors. The next of kin have been notified.” Report contained in the Eastern Province Herald, 19 July, 1945.
66 “Battle of Biak”, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle…
67 “Jewish Report “,2015, and from an exhibit in the Johannesburg Holocaust and Genocide Centre.
68 “Battle of Biak” op. cit
69 “Battle of Imphal”. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Imphal
70 ibid
71 ibid.
72 ibid.
73 DODA, Cyril Egnal file
74 Battle of Imphal, op. cit
75 Cyril Egnal, op. cit . See also Dent, Elizabeth. Clipped Wings: Cpl Peter Walker’s Illustrated Diary of his RAF Service in India and Burma, 1942-1946. ISBN-10 978-0995581012
76 “India in World War 2”. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_in_World_War_II#:~:text=British%20India%20officially%20declared%20war,the%20China%20Burma%20India%20Theater
77 ibid
78 ibid.
79 ibid.
80 “Indian Legion”. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Legion
81 ibid.
82 ibid.
83 “India in WW2”, op. cit
84 Egnal, Cyril. op. cit
85 Airplane accidents occurred during the war, most memorably with the death of Major-General Dan Pienaar, killed in an air crash in Kenya in 1942, on his way back to South Africa. The late Advocate Jules Browde had a lucky escape on his flight home, when the pilot made a forced landing in Crete. “Veterans Voices”, Jewish Affairs, Rosh Hashanah edition,2015
86 Egnal, Cyril. op. cit p57
87 Dent, Elizabeth. op. cit.
88 ibid.
89 ibid
90 DODA. Cyril Egnal file
91 The Memoirs of Aga Khan, Cassel and Company, 1954. p18
92 Map of India. https://www.google.com/search?sca_esv=581526710&sxsrf=AM9HkKlZKjL-4KnzisiXZwj2Zk4yRlmwCA:1699713758568&q=map+of+india&tbm=isch&source=univ&fir=VgUYxNQK03
93 Also spelt “Gharry” or “Ghari”. A horse drawn cab used mostly in India. A “Gharry” driver is a “Gharry –Wallah. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gharry
94 Egnal, Cyril. op. cit p56
95 “Ohel David Synagogue” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohel_David_Synagogue
96 Egnal, Cyril. “War Stories”, unpublished memoir. Egnal further writes: “The service was conducted by an army chaplain who was also a Rabbi (Rabbi Lew) from England. It turned out that he knew the chief Rabbi of South Africa, Dr Louis Rabinowitz, and Rabbi Lew later went to South Africa to become the Rabbi at the Parkview shul in Johannesburg.”
97 Ohel David, op. cit.
98 Egnal, Cyril. op. cit.
99 ibid. p57
100 Egnal, Cyril, War Stories. unpublished memoir, op. cit p2
101 Taken from the title of the novel by Stephen Cranston, The Red Badge of Courage: An Episode in the American Civil War. Prestwick House. First published in 1895
102 Egnal, Cyril. op. cit p3
103 JHGC exhibit and reference
104 Egnal, Cyril, War Stories, p3
105 My thanks to Karen Rybko (nee Egnal) daughter of the late Cyril Egnal, for this memory.